Carlo+Rubbia

"Science for me is very close to art. Scientific discovery is an irrational act. It’s an intuition which turns out to be reality at the end of it — and I see no difference between a scientist developing a marvelous discovery and an artist making a painting."
 * __﻿Carlo Rubbia __**

**An Italian particle physicist and inventor who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for the discovery of the W and Z particles. ** __Biography__ Carlo Rubbia is an Italian physicist who was born on March 31, 1934 in Gorizia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. Rubbia studied at Scuola Normale in Pisa and graduated from Pisa University in 1959. He moved to the United States and studied at Columbia University performing experiments on the decay and the nuclear capture of muons. In 1960 he moved back to Europe due to his interest in the CERN, which was a Super Proton Synchrotron. There, he worked on experiments on the structure of weak interactions. He worked on another type of accelerator, associated with the CERN, the Intersecting Storage Rings, used counter-rotating beams of protons to collide against each other. Rubbia conducted experiments there studying the weak force. The main results here were the observation of the structure in the elastic scattering process and the first observation of the charmed baryons.

__W and Z Bosons__
 * 1976, Rubbia suggested adapting CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to collide protons and antiprotons
 * 1983, an international team of more than 100 physicists headed by Rubbia, known as the UA1 Collaboration, detected the intermediate vector bosons, the W and Z bosons
 * They are believed to carry the weak force that causes radioactive decay in the atomic nucleus and controls the combustion of the Sun
 * Like photons, massless particles of light, carry the electromagnetic force which causes most physical and biochemical reactions
 * It is also believed that the weak force has played a fundamental role in the nucleosynthesis of the elements, as studied in cosmology and the big bang
 * These particles have a mass almost 100 times greater than the proton

__How The Bosons Were Discovered__ In order to conduct research about these particles, they first had to create their own. And, in order to create these particles, there needed to be high energy. In order to achieve this high energy Rubbia, together proposed a radically new particle accelerator design. They proposed to use a beam of protons and a beam of anti-protons and their antimatter twins to collide head on. The W and Z particles are among the heaviest particles so far produced in a particle accelerator.

__**WHY?**__ The discovery of the W and Z particles were extremely important to the physics community. These discoveries provide evidence that theoretical physicists are on track in to describe nature at its most basic level through the "Standard Model". The intermediate vector bosons confirm the "electroweak" theory, which was the attempt to unite two of the four forces of nature—the weak and the electromagnetic forces—under the same set of equations. It also provides the basis for work a "unified field theory", showing the strong force which binds together the atomic nucleus, and ultimately, gravity.

W Bozon
 * ~ Leptons ||||~ Up quarks ||||~ Charm quarks ||
 * e + ν e || 1 || u d || 3|//V//ud|2 || c d || 3|//V//cd|2 ||
 * μ + ν μ || 1 || u s || 3|//V//us|2 || c s || 3|//V//cs|2 ||
 * τ + ν τ || 1 || u b || 3|//V//ub|2 || c b || 3|//V//cb|2 ||


 * ~ Particles ||||~ Weak charge ||~ Decay width of Z Boson ||||~ Branching ratios BR(particle, antiparticle) ||
 * ~ Name ||~ Symbols ||~ L ||~ R ||~ (proportional to) ||~ Predicted for //x// = 0.23 ||~ Experimental measurements [|[9]] ||
 * Neutrinos || ν e, ν μ , ν τ || 1⁄2 || 0 || 1⁄2 2 || 20.5% || 20.00± 0.06% ||
 * Leptons || e −, μ − , τ − || − 1⁄2 + //x// || //x// || (− 1⁄2 + //x//)2 + //x//2 || 3.4% || 3.3658± 0.0023% ||
 * Up-type Quarks || u, c || 1⁄2 − 2⁄3 //x// || − 2⁄3 //x// || 3( 1⁄2 − 2⁄3 //x//)2 + 3(− 2⁄3 //x//)2 || 11.8% || 11.6± 0.6% ||
 * Down-type quarks || d, s , b || − 1⁄2 + 1⁄3 //x// || 1⁄3 //x// || 3(− 1⁄2 + 1⁄3 //x//)2 + 3( 1⁄3 //x//)2 || 15.2% || 15.6± 0.4% ||
 * [|Hadrons] ||  ||   ||   ||   || 69.2% || 69.91± 0.06% ||

The CERN media type="youtube" key="_T745HXduHY" height="390" width="640" An Interview with Carlo Rubbia (if you can speak Italian of course) media type="youtube" key="Xd0m_ukyIDw" height="390" width="480"

__Education__
 * University**: Politecnico di Milano (briefly attended)
 * University**: BS, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (1954)
 * University**: PhD, University of Pisa (1957)
 * University**: University of Pisa
 * Fellow**: Columbia University (1958-59)
 * Professor**: University of Rome (1960-)
 * Professor**: Physics, Harvard University (1970-89)
 * Professor**: University of Pavia (1989-)

__Awards and Honors__ Nobel Prize for Physics 1984 (with Simon van der Meer) Accademia dei Lincei American Academy of Arts and Sciences CERN 1961- CERN Director-General (1989-93) European Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences Foreign Member Pontifical Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Sciences Foreign Member Italian Official President, Nat'l Agency for New Tech, Energy, Environment (1999-2005) Italian Ancestry Asteroid Namesake 8398 Rubbia

__Works Cited__ Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies. "Scientific Director - Prof. Rubbia - IASS." //Start - IASS//. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 June 2011. . Rubbia, Carlo. "Quotes by Carlo Rubbia." //Strange Wondrous Quotes and Quotations//. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 June 2011.  Soylent Communications. "Carlo Rubbia." //NNDB: Tracking the entire world//. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 June 2011.  Wikipedia. "Carlo Rubbia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." //Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia//. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 June 2011. 