Murray+Gell-Mann

Murray Gell-Mann **__Who is He__**﻿**__?__** Murray Gell-Mann was born in New York City on September 29, 1929 under a very educated family. Through his father career in running a school, Gell-Mann became interested in his own pursuit in education. He was able to teach himself different subjects, such as calculus, at a young age. Gell-Mann attended Yale, where he graduated at age 19 with a physics degree. He later went on to continue his education and gained a Ph.D. at MIT. He quickly became a reputable member of the science community, becoming a member of the Institute from Advance Study and an instructor at the University of Chicago. Now, he is a Distinguished Fellow at the Santa Fe Institute Using the knowledge had had gained, he researched different theoretical physics ideas and theories. which led to his discoveries that earned him many awards.

**__What He Did?__** During his lifetime, Murray Gell-Mann made many contributions to the physics community. Sometime during his time in MIT, he introduced a new quantum number called Strangeness. This number was eventually found in 1959. With the concept of strangeness and his ideas on the eightfold way, scientists were able to find more particles that follow Gell-Mann's model. He won the Nobel prize for his Theory of Elementary Particles in 1969. Eventually, his discoveries lead Gell-Mann to define the particle further by using quarks. In 1994, Murray Gell-Mann published a book on his findings called __The Quark and the Jaguar__, decribing his ideas in both a simple form and in complete detail. **__What is a Quark?__** According to Murray Gell-Mann, Quarks are his alternative ways on identifying subatomic particles. Instead of defining the particles by the traditional Greek Letters, they were put into three categories; up, down, and strange. That categories had both similar and different qualities to each other (similarities in spin and such), but only strange had the quality that defined it's decaying properties of unstable particles.. There are also "flavored" quarks as well, containing their own properties. Gell-Mann was able to construct this mathematically.

**__What is the__** **__Eightfold Way?__** The Eightfold Way is another classification scheme created by Murray Gell-Man to predict the masses, charges and sizes of even unknown particles. The Eightfold Way is a reference to Buddhism where the Eightfold Path shows the achievement of nirvana. Gell-Mann used hadrons, which is a class of subatomic particles controlled by a strong nuclear force, to fill in some of the spaces in his chart. However, he had missing parts in his model, such as the bottom point in the baryon decuplet. Yet, Gell-Mann believed that there are particles that fit that category and that it must exist. It is only later after the publish of the findings was the Omega-minus particle was discovered, fitting Gell-Mann's model.

**__Awards__** (List provided by wikipedia.org) **__Videos and Interviews__** CBS Interview Interview with the Acdemy of Achievement
 * [|Nobel Prize] in Physics (1969)
 * [|Ernest O. Lawrence Award] (1966)
 * [|Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award] (1962)
 * [|Albert Einstein Medal] (2005)
 * [|Yale University] — [|D.Sc] ([|h.c.]), 1959
 * [|American Physical Society] — [|Dannie Heineman] Prize, 1959
 * [|University of Chicago] — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1967
 * [|Franklin Institute] of [|Philadelphia] — [|Franklin] Medal, 1967
 * [|National Academy of Sciences] — [|John J. Carty Award], 1968[|[][|7][|]]
 * [|University of Illinois] — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1968
 * [|Wesleyan University] — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1968
 * [|Research Corporation] Award, 1969
 * [|University of Turin], [|Italy] — Honorary Doctorate, 1969
 * [|University of Utah] — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1970
 * [|Columbia University] — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1977
 * [|University of Cambridge], [|England] — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1980
 * [|United Nations Environment Programme] Roll of Honor for Environmental Achievement (The [|Global 500]), 1988
 * [|World Federation of Scientists] — [|Erice] Prize, 1990
 * [|University of Oxford], [|England] — D.Sc.(h.c.), 1992
 * [|Southern Illinois University] — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1993
 * [|University of Florida] — Sc.D.(h.c.), Doctorate of Natural Resources, 1994
 * [|Southern Methodist University] — Sc.D.(h.c.), 1999
 * [|American Humanist Association] - Humanist of the Year, 2005

Works Cited Baez, John. "The Eightfold Way." //ucr.edu//. N.p., 27 May 2003. Web. 7 June 2011. -.

"Constructing the Universe: the Particle Explosion." //Test Page for Red Hat Linux's Apache Installation//. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 June 2011. -.

"MURRAY GELL-MANN ." //Web of Stories//. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 June 2011. -.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 90%;">"Murray Gell-Mann." //Home | Santa Fe Institute//. www.santafe.edu, n.d. Web. 7 June 2011. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 90%;">-<http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~mgm/Site/Front_Page.html>.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 90%;">"Murray Gell-Mann - Biography." //Nobelprize.org//. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 June 2011. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 90%;">-<http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/gell-mann-bio.html>.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 90%;">"Murray Gell-Mann Interview -- Academy of Achievement." //Academy of Achievement Main Menu//. N.p., 16 Dec. 1990. Web. 7 June 2011. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 90%;">--<http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/gel0int-1>.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 90%;">"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory - Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism: Murray Gell-Mann." //National High Magnetic Field Laboratory//. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 June 2011. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 90%;">--<http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/pioneers/gellmann.html>.

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